Reinhard Heydrich, Nazi Who Planned the Holocaust

Reinhard Heydrich was the high-ranking Nazi official in charge of planning Hitlers Final Solution, which established the framework for the extermination of six million Jews in Europe. His role in the genocide earned him the title of Reich Protector, but to the outside world he became known as Hitlers Hangman. Czech assassins trained by British intelligence agents attacked Heydrich in 1942 and he died from his wounds. However, his ambitious plans for genocide had already been put into action. Fast Facts: Reinhard Heydrich Full Name: Reinhard Tristan Eugen HeydrichBorn: March 7, 1904, in Halle, GermanyDied: June 4, 1942, in Prague, Czech RepublicParents: Richard Bruno Heycrich and Elisabeth Anna Maria Amalia KrantzSpouse: Lina von OstenKnown For: Mastermind behind Hitlers Final Solution. Convened the January 1942 Wannsee Conference that coordinated plans for mass murder. Early Life Heydrich was born in 1904 in Halle, Saxony (in present day Germany), a town known for its university and strong cultural heritage. His father sang opera and worked at a music conservatory. Heydrich grew up playing the violin and developed a deep appreciation of chamber music, an odd contrast to the villainous brutality for which he would become known. Too young to serve in World War I, Heydrich was commissioned as a German naval officer in the 1920s. His career was scandalously ended when a military court found him guilty of dishonorable behavior toward a young woman in 1931. Discharged into civilian life at a time of massive unemployment in Germany, Heydrich used family connections to seek a job with the Nazi Party. Though Heydrich had been skeptical of the Nazi movement, looking down on Adolph Hitler and his followers as little more than street thugs, he sought an interview with Heinrich Himmler. Heydrich inflated his experience in the German military, leading Himmler to believe he had been an intelligence officer. Himmler, who had never served in the military, was impressed by Heydrich and hired him. Heydrich was tasked with the creation of the Nazis intelligence service. His operation, run at first from a small office with one typewriter, would ultimately grow into a vast enterprise. Rise in the Nazi Hierarchy Heydrich rose quickly in the Nazi ranks. At one point, an old rumor about his family background—that he had Jewish ancestors—surfaced and threatened to end his career. He convinced Hitler and Himmler the rumors about a supposed Jewish grandparent were false. When the Nazis took control of Germany in early 1933, Himmler and Heydrich were put in charge of arresting those who opposed them. A pattern developed of detaining so many political enemies that prisons couldnt hold them. An abandoned munitions plant at Dachau, in Bavaria, was converted to a concentration camp to house them. The mass imprisonment of political enemies was not a secret. In July 1933 a reporter for The New York Times was given a tour of Dachau, which the Nazi administrators referred to as an educational camp for about 2,000 political opponents. Prisoners worked brutally long hours at Dachau, and were released when they were deemed demoralized and accepting of Nazi ideology. The camp system was considered successful, and Heydrich expanded it and opened other concentration camps. In 1934, Himmler and Heydrich began making moves to eliminate Ernst Rohm, the head of the Nazi stormtroopers, who was viewed as a threat to Hitlers power. Heydrich became one of the leaders of a bloody purge, which became known as The Night of the Long Knives. Rohm was murdered, and scores of other Nazis, perhaps as many as 200, were killed. Following the purge, Himmler made Heydrich the head of a centralized police force that combined the Nazi Gestapo with the police detective forces. Throughout the late 1930s Heydrich ruled a vast police network with spies and informers strategically placed throughout German society. Ultimately, every police officer in Germany became part of Heydrichs organization. Organized Persecution As the persecution of Jews in Germany accelerated during the 1930s, Heydrich assumed a major role in organized antisemitism. In November 1938 he was involved in Kristallnacht, the Night of Broken Glass, in which his Gestapo and SS arrested 30,000 Jewish men and interned them in concentration camps. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Heydrich was instrumental in rounding up Polish Jews. His police units would enter a town after the military and order the local Jewish population to assemble. In typical actions, the Jews would be marched out of town, forced to line up beside recently dug ditches, and shot dead. The bodies were thrown into the ditches and bulldozed over. The gruesome procedure was repeated in town after town across Poland. In June 1941, Heydrichs evil planning was put to devastating use when Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union. He assigned specialized troops—the Einsatzgruppen—the specific task of killing Jews and Soviet officials. Heydrich believed that Soviet Jews were the backbone of the communist state, and he sought the murder of any and all Jews in Russia. Herman Goering, operating as Hitlers second in command, assigned Heydrich the task of formulating a plan to deal with all European Jews. With forced deportation off the table, Heydrich concocted ambitious plans for mass murder. Wannsee Conference On January 20, 1942, Heydrich convened a conference of high-ranking Nazi officials at a luxurious villa along Lake Wannsee, a resort in the Berlin suburbs. The purpose of the gathering was for Heydrich to detail his plan for various components of the Nazi state to work together to accomplish the Final Solution, the elimination of all Jews in Europe. Hitler had authorized the project, and attendees were informed of that by Heydrich. There has been debate over the years about the importance of the Wannsee Conference. Mass killings of Jews had already begun, and some concentration camps were already being used as death factories by the beginning of 1942. The conference was not necessary to begin the Final Solution, but it is believed that Heydrich wanted to ensure that both Nazi leaders and key people in the civil government understood their role in the Final Solution and would participate as ordered. The pace of killing accelerated in early 1942, and it seems Heydrich, at the Wannsee Conference, had succeeded in removing any impediments to his plans for mass murder. Hitler saluting coffin of Reinhard Heydrich. Getty Images   Assassination and Reprisals In the spring of 1942, Heydrich was feeling powerful. He was becoming known as the Reich Protector. To the outside press he was termed Hitlers Hangman. After setting up his headquarters in Prague, Czechoslovakia, he oversaw the pacification of the Czech population with typically brutal tactics. Heydrichs arrogance was his downfall. He took to riding about in an open touring car without a military escort. The Czech resistance noted this habit, and in May 1942 resistance commandos trained by the British secret service parachuted into Czechoslovakia. The team of assassins attacked Heydrichs car as he traveled to the airport outside Prague on May 27, 1942. They succeeded in rolling hand grenades under the vehicle as it passed. Heydrich was severely wounded with fragments of the grenades in his spine and died on June 4, 1942. Heydrichs death became international news. The Nazi leadership in Berlin reacted by staging a massive funeral attended by Hitler and other Nazi leaders. The Nazis retaliated by attacking Czech civilians. In the village of Lidice, which was located near the ambush site, all the men and boys were killed. The village itself was leveled with explosives, and the Nazis removed the name of the village from future maps. Newspapers in the outside world documented the reprisal killings of civilians, which the Nazis helped publicize. Hundreds of civilians were murdered in the revenge attacks, which may have dissuaded Allied intelligence services from assassination attempts on other high-ranking Nazis. Reinhard Heydrich was dead, but he provided the world with a grim legacy. His plans for the Final Solution were carried out. The outcome of World War II prevented his ultimate goal, the elimination of all European Jews, but more than six million Jews would eventually be killed in the Nazi death camps. Sources: Brigham, Daniel T. Heydrich Is Dead; Czech Toll At 178. New York Times, 5 June 1942, page 1.Reinhard Heydrich. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 20, Gale, 2004, pp. 176-178. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Reshef, Yehuda, and Michael Berenbaum. Heydrich, Reinhard Tristan °. Encyclopaedia Judaica, edited by Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik, 2nd ed., vol. 9, Macmillan Reference USA, 2007, pp. 84-85. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Wannsee Conference. Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction, edited by John Merriman and Jay Winter, vol. 5, Charles Scribners Sons, 2006, pp. 2670-2671. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

The Effects Of Microaggressions On An Individual - 854 Words

Psychiatrist Chester Pierce, MD in the 1970’s first introduced the term microaggressions (Sue, 2010). While Dr. Pierce was the first to coin the term, he was not technically the first to start it. In fact, the idea of microaggressions was also introduced in the specific work of Jack Dovidio, PHD (Yale University) and Samuel Gaertner PHD (University of Delaware) when formulating aversive racism (Sue, 2010). Aversive Racism is defined as the following: â€Å"Many well-intentioned Whites consciously believe in and profess equality, but unconsciously act in a racist manner, particularly in ambiguous situation† (Sue, 2010). Similarly, microaggressions is defined as: â€Å"Microaggressions are the everyday verbal, nonverbal, and environmental slights, snubs, or insults, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative messages to target persons based solely upon their marginalized group membership† (Wiley Sons, 2010). The harmful effects of microaggressions on an individual are derived from how subtle and indirect the statements are. Derald Sue, clarified that microaggressions are damaging to the person who is experiencing them because while they feel insulted they are not sure if the perpetrators are aware (Sue, 2010). Thus, people having these experiences are caught in a Catch-22 (Sue, 2010). The subtly of microagressions is what puts victims in a â€Å"psychological bind† (Sue, 2010). Sue believed that in order to understand the severity ofShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Microaggressions On An Individual1167 Words   |  5 PagesPsychiatrist Chester Pierce, MD in the 1970’s was the first to create the term microaggressions (Sue, 2010). While Dr. Pierce was the first to coin the term, he was not technically the first to start it. In fact, the idea of microaggressions was also introduced in the specific work of Jack Dovidio, PHD (Yale University) and Samuel Gaertner PHD (Universit y of Delaware) when formulating aversive racism (Sue, 2010). Aversive Racism is defined as the following: â€Å"Many well-intentioned Whites consciouslyRead MoreFactors Affecting A Learning Community820 Words   |  4 Pagesperformed (Saunders, 2008). Thus, using these findings from the article, one can conclude that microaggressions affects a persons well being to a degree that can affect them perform certain tasks. As the researcher found, students not part of a learning environment faced the abuse of microaggressions, which ultimately turns the individual away from learning in general. 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Many people like to point out that when I speak Spanish, how I sound very â€Å"Latina† and how different it is compared to my â€Å"white valley girl† accent that I have when I am speaking English. There are many studies that have research on microaggressions towards one singular identity instead of microaggressio ns towards

Ramsey County Community Health Assessment and Healthâ€Free samples

Question: Write an essay on Ramsey County Community Health Assessment and Health Plan. Answer: Description of the Community: One of the countys of the U.S. State of Minnesota is The Ramsey County. The population of the county estimated was 538,133 by the 2015 census. According to census 2014, the population contained around 7.1% under five years of age, 23.4% were under eighteen years of age, and 12.9% were either sixty-five years and over. The Ramsey County is diversely populated. Almost twenty-five percent of the citizens in the location were under eighteen years of age (Anderson et al., 2014). According to Meredith (2014), the youth in this county with the highest pregnancy rate and educational disparities involve the "African American,"Asian American,"American Indian," and Latino teens. In the year 2008, the pregnancy rate among the teen age people was the fifth highest in the State. When the health of the Population of the county is taken into consideration, it was noted that twelve percentage of the pool have poor health conditions. Moreover, people were involved in smoking, drinking, physically inactive and developed obesity. While studying the 2014 statistics it was observed that out of 1,00,000 people, 535.6 were STDs cases. It was reported that in this area the teens use contraceptives erratically, that results in elevation of the unintentional pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. The causative agent of the STDs infection is Chlamydia trachomatis. Although there are a wide number of health care facilities in the Ramsey County, many of the residents have limited access to health care and also other resources of the community that may support the healthy living. Most of the group members of the Asians and the Hispanic residents who are without insurance. Moreover, many of them cannot afford the health care services (Guthmann, 2015). Nursing diagnosis: On application of the nursing diagnosis for the St. Paul Public School District in the Ramsey County it was observed that there is an elevation in the teen pregnancy among females of the age between fifteen to seventeen years. This is due to the single parent households and thus limitation and difficulty in the engagement with the teens. The priority "nursing diagnosis" in the school was elected as the decreased use of sexual protections such as condoms, contraceptives, etc. leading to the increased risk of the STDs. The cause was of this STDs were observed as Chlamydia in students aging between fifteen to twenty four years (Ramsey-Musolf, 2015). Depending on the medical diagnosis reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention the nursing diagnosis included the reviewing of the medical diagnosis, the needs of the students who underwent unprotected sex were recognized, and nursing interventions were applied. There are around 115 STDs cases noted in this school. Comparing with other schools the number of STDs cases in this school was quite high. It ranks at the second position relating to the highest number of STDs cases in the schools of the Ramsey County. Therefore, the Public Health Nurses have to take measures in order to provide care to the vulnerable students (Kozhimannil et al., 2015). Questionnaire: Interviewee Questions Reason for question Principle How many cases of STDs have been noticed in your school? To know the number of students who needs treatment Principle What can be the probable cause of STDs in your school? To get an idea of the reason which can help in diagnosis Principle Frequency of the STDs cases in single parenthood To identify one of the probable cause of STDs Principle What is the probable age range of the STDs cases? The age range knowledge can help to understand the psychological factors associated with the problem Principle Exposure to sex education in school To know whether the school has already taken any attempt as a measure or not Principle Opinion about sex education in the school To understand that a motive and future plans of the school Principle Views on using protection during sex This can help in understanding whether the teachers are themselves aware of the consequences of STDs or not Interviewee: The interview was conducted in the St. Paul Public School District and the interview was taken on the Principal of the school named Ms. A. X. She was the Principal of the school for the last ten years. She possesses a post graduate degree in the field of English language and also a trained professional degree in her field. She has almost fifteen years of experience as a teacher and twelve years as a principal. Since Ms. A.X. was attached to the institution for the last one decade, she was aware of all the incidence and information regarding the school and its students. She being the Principal of the school is accessible to all the necessary documents and reports regarding the students. Moreover, her experience in has helped her to develop ideas and assumptions on children. The objective of interviewing her was that being an experienced person in the educational field and achieving the highest position in the Institute; she would be the best person to understand the issue and also reflect the student psychology (Collins, 2013). Similarity in the issue: The community, as well as the group, selected both belongs to the Ramsey community, thus living a scope of similarity in the results observed. The observation noted shows that the community, as well as the group both, has experienced an increased rate of STDs. The reasons noted was a mixture of the racial groups living together. The age range for STDs in both has been identified as fifteen to twenty years. The single parenthood leads to unwanted sex was identified as a significant cause. Moreover, unwanted sex without protection was recognized as the most significant reason for transmission of STDs (Sander Haight, 2012). New perspective: The new perspective that came out of the interview was that single parenthood is a major reason of the STDs. According to the Principal interviewed single parents cannot provide time to their children. Therefore, discussion relating safe sex cannot happen between the parent and the child. Moreover, the adolescent period is a unique phase in a human beings life which experiences the fluctuations in hormonal secretion. This leads to making certain wrong decisions. Parents guidance and teaching are very important to avoid STDs in the teenagers (Moorhead, 2013). Epidemiology: The 2014 Surveillance data indicates a total of 1977, juvenile adults and teenagers between of 15 24 years of age in Ramsey County reported fresh cases of sexually transmitted infections. There is a precise alarm related to a 6% augment on the whole of fresh cases informed specifically Chlamydia. Surveillance reports a 11% amplify in stated cases amid males and 4% in females, women (504 per 100,000, Blacks (1,587 per 100,000), and 20-24 year-olds (2,244 per 100,000). Data does not prove sexual predilection or well-designed immune rank of the reporting inhabitants. The main causative factor is mistreated or abandonment of contraceptives throughout sexual contact consequential in a swap of bodily fluids. Chlamydia is a bacterial antigen that enters into bodily fluids and is simply passed between associates due slight or unrecognized symptoms (Carter et al., 2014). Reflection: According to the recent statistics, the Ramsey County is experiencing an elevation in the number of STDs due to various factors. The factors are a mixed pool of races in the community, single parenthood, etc. Moreover as per the interview intervention program or health awareness program have not been implemented in schools and colleges yet. This needs to be checked. The goal of the community health plan is to reduce the risk for sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers and young adults by 50% by the years 2020. According to the Healthy People 2020 website,STD prevention is an essential primary care strategy for improving reproductive health (Ignatavicius Workman, 2015). Difference in health plan: Health plan for the community should be slightly different from that of the whole community since the school consists of a small pool whereas the community consists of a larger section of the population. The objective of the group health plan should involve an increase in using protections to have safe sex, alarming the consequences of STDs and decrease in the number of STDs cases in teenagers by the end of the year. As discussed by Dittus et al. (2014), Despite their burdens, costs, and complications, and the fact that they are largely preventable, STDs remain a significant public health problem in the United States. This problem is largely unrecognized by the public, policymakers, and health care professionals. STDs cause much harmful, often irreversible, and costly clinical complications, such as Reproductive health problems, fetal and prenatal health problems, Cancer, and facilitation of the sexual transmission of HIV infection.Untreated STDs can lead to serious long-term health consequences, especially for adolescent girls and young women. CDC estimates that undiagnosed and untreated STDs cause at least 24,000 women in the United States each year to become infertile. The intervention plan will involve the employment of the teen students in alarming, teaching and screening, more number of intervention programs should be organized in educational institutes and extend STD prevention, testing, and treatment to newly arrested young offenders (Dittus et al. 2014). References: Anderson, D., Matlock, J., Mosser, K., Singhathip, M. (2014).Ramsey County: Building a 21st Century Continuum of Services for At-Risk Youth(Doctoral dissertation, Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs). Carter Jr, J. W., Hart-Cooper, G. D., Butler, M. O., Workowski, K. A., Hoover, K. W. (2014). Provider barriers prevent recommended sexually transmitted disease screening of HIV-infected men who have sex with men.Sexually transmitted diseases,41(2), 137-142. Collins, A. M. (2013). Nurse Develops Runaway Intervention Program.AJN The American Journal of Nursing,113(11), 56-58. Dittus, P. J., De Rosa, C. J., Jeffries, R. A., Afifi, A. A., Cumberland, W. G., Chung, E. Q., ... Ethier, K. A. (2014). The Project Connect Health Systems intervention: linking sexually experienced youth to sexual and reproductive health care.Journal of Adolescent Health,55(4), 528-534. Guthmann, J. H. (2015). Ramsey County Mental Health Court: Working with Community Partners to Improve the Lives of Mentally Ill Defendants, Reduce Recidivism, and Enhance Public Safety.Wm. Mitchell L. Rev.,41, 948. Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L. (2015).Medical-surgical nursing: Patient-centered collaborative care. Elsevier Health Sciences. Kenyon, C., Banerjee, E., Sweet, K., Miller, C., Ehresmann, K. (2014). Assessing the impact of a pertussis active surveillance program on provider testing behavior, Minnesota 20052009.American journal of public health,104(4), e34-e39. Kozhimannil, K. B., Enns, E., Blauer-Peterson, C., Farris, J., Kahn, J., Kulasingam, S. (2015). Behavioral and Community Correlates of Adolescent Pregnancy and Chlamydia Rates in Rural Counties in Minnesota.Journal of community health,40(3), 493-500. Meredith, T. (2014). Ramsey County Proxy Tool Norming Validation Results (Minnesota). Moorhead, S. (2013).Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC), Measurement of Health Outcomes, 5: Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC). Elsevier Health Sciences. Ramsey-Musolf, D. (2015). Housing Element Law: Tables, Figures, Maps, Data. Sander, H. A., Haight, R. G. (2012). Estimating the economic value of cultural ecosystem services in an urbanizing area using hedonic pricing.Journal of environmental management,113, 194-205.